1. What is the difference between Amazon RDS and Amazon EC2?
'Amazon RDS is a managed database-as-a-service that handles most of the management tasks and helps in setting up, operating and scaling relational databases on the cloud. Amazon EC2 is a web service that helps run application programs in the AWS public cloud. RDS is easy to set up, manage and maintain along with the automation of security, management and maintenance by AWS. With EC2, the user is responsible for routine maintenance activities, upgrades and patches.
RDS is automated and easily integrated with Amazon's scaling tools for both vertical and horizontal scaling. In EC2, the user requires setting up a scalable architecture manually.'
2. Is it possible to run multiple databases in a DB instance?
'Yes, RDS provides access to SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL and MariaDB databases along with back-ups and regular upgrades. RDS can run up to 100 databases per DB instance for the SQL Server and unlimited databases for MySQL, Amazon Aurora, PostgreSQL and MariaDB. It can also run one database per instance for Oracle and has no limit on the number of schemas per database.'
3. What is an RDS interface?
Example answer: 'An RDS interface helps access RDS services, such as running programs, accessing and uploading data. The interfaces include an AWS API, which helps information pass between two systems and a command-line interface which helps execute database commands. The RDS interface also includes a GUI console that helps users work with RDS services.'
4. What is the impact of creating an RDS snapshot on performance?
Example answer: 'When creating manual snapshots, creating a snapshot may affect the performance of other clients connected to the database. In the case of automated snapshots, RDS automatically creates daily snapshots that have no impact on performance. With single AZs, it is possible that creating a DB snapshot can cause a brief suspension of input and output functionalities in RDS instances. Creating a DB snapshot in a Multi-AZ instance would not affect other instances of RDS, since the creation of such snapshots is from a standby instance.
Similarly, there is no impact on performance or interruption with Aurora clusters since they constantly keep backup data.'
5. What are the advantages of using AWS RDS?
Example answer: 'AWS RDS is a managed cloud database service that offers various benefits for businesses and individuals. It allows individual allocation of storage and CPU and offers highly available database servers. AWS RDS offers read replicas to enhance performance and both automatic and manual database backups. It also supports a variety of programming languages and frameworks, making it a more versatile database option.'
6. What are the differences between RDS, DynamoDB and RedShift?
Example answer: 'Amazon RDS is a database management service that helps manage database administrative tasks and structured data. It is compatible with database engines, such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MariaDB and Amazon Aurora. It is the only service among the three that supports Microsoft SQL Server. DynamoDB is a key-value database that supports unstructured data and runs on NoSQL engine. It is an enterprise-level solution that is best suited for use cases, such as session data and key-valued cloud services.
Amazon RedShift is a relational database and data warehouse product, which is more powerful and expensive. It is best suited for more complex calculations and mostly used by large corporations.'
7. What is the best method for monitoring RDS database disk space usage?
Example answer: 'Amazon CloudWatch console is a tool for monitoring disk space usage in RDS database instances. It monitors a wide range of AWS metrics, including disk space usage. Using CloudWatch, users can set up alarms to get notified when the disk space usage of their databases reaches certain levels. Users can also opt for the AWS command-line interface to create alarms and monitor available storage space.'
8. What is Amazon RDS?
The Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) is used to easily create a relational database in the cloud. This cross-platform database service was developed by Amazon and released in the year 2009. It also provides a way to manage the administrative processes like patching the database software, backing up databases and enabling point-in-time recovery. This proprietary tool by Amazon simplifies the process of creation, scaling and the use of the relational database in applications.
9. Explain some features in AWS RDS?
Amazon RDS Features:
· Lower administrative burden. Easy to use.
· Performance. General Purpose (SSD) Storage.
· Scalability. Push-button compute scaling.
· Availability and durability. Automated backups.
· Security. Encryption at rest and in transit.
· Manageability. Monitoring and metrics.
· Cost-effectiveness. Pay only for what you use.
10. List the database engines supported by AWS RDS?
Some of the database engines supported by the Amazon RDS are:
· Amazon Aurora
· Postgre SQL
· MySQL
· MariaDB
· Oracle
· Microsoft SQL Server
11. What is an RDS instance?
Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) is a web service that that allows you to quickly create a relational database instance in the cloud. Amazon RDS manages the database instance on your behalf by performing backups, handling failover, and maintaining the database software. For read-heavy applications, you can launch Read Replicas which are RDS instances that serve as copies of the source master database for handling read-requests. You can attach up to five (5) Read Replicas to a source DB instance.The Instances page lists the existing RDS Instances in the selected AWS region. Clicking on an existing RDS Instance displays the details for that instance.
Fields
· Name - unique name/identifier for the RDS instance.
· Engine - The version of the MySQL or Oracle engine of the RDS Instance.
· RDS Subnet Group - The group of RDS Subnets for the VPC.
· Availability Zone - The availability zone into which the RDS Instance will be created and launched.
· Multi-AZ - Indicates that the RDS Instance will be used in a multiple availability zone configuration.
· Instance class - If you selected a different instance type, the existing instance will be terminated and new RDS instance will be launched.
· Storage - storage size in GBs for the instance that will be allocated for storing data.
· Source instance - If the instance is a Read Replica, it will list the name of the source DB instance.
· Status - The status of the RDS Instance (creating, modifying, available, rebooting, deleting). An RDS Instance will only be accessible when its status is 'available'.
12. What are RDS Interfaces?
The RDS interfaces are a way to access the RDS service we create. After the creation and configuration of the RDS service there is a need of accessing the data, uploading data to this database and running some other program which should be able to connect to the database. Such requirements of accessing and manipulating data by end users of the database and not necessarily the AWS account holder which created the database needs these interfaces.
13. What is Amazon Aurora?
Amazon Aurora is a type of relational database built for the cloud that is compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL. It is five times faster than the MySQL database and three times faster than the PostgreSQL database. This hybrid database type is a perfect combination of the performance and availability of traditional databases with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the open-source database. This database is fully managed by the Amazon RDS so tasks like hardware provisioning, database setup, patching, and backups are automated.
14. What is an AWS Cluster?
An AWS Cluster consists of one or more RDS instances and a cluster volume to manage the data for the RDS instances. Aurora cluster is the popular one which creates two instances in a cluster by default. One instance is used to write while the other is used for reading operation. But you can change this configuration as you wish.
15. What is the work of Amazon RDS?
When a user wants to set up a relational database then Amazon RDS is used. It provisions the infrastructure capacity that a user requests to install the database software. Once the database is set up and functional RDS automates the tasks like patching up of the software, taking the backup of the data and management of synchronous data replication with automatic failover.
16. What is the purpose of standby RDS instance?
The main purpose of launching a standby RDS instance is to prevent the infrastructure failure (in case failure occurs) so it is stored in a different availability zone which is a totally different infrastructure physically and independent.
17. What are DB Instances in AWS RDS?
A DB instance is an isolated database environment running in the cloud which can contain multiple user-created databases. It can be accessed using the same client tools and applications used to access a standalone database instance. But there is restriction on how many DB instances of what type you can have for a single customer account.
18. What is the maximum number DB instances can user can run with Amazon RDS?
User are allowed to have up to 40 Amazon RDS DB instances by default. Under the "License Included" model, up to 10 from those 40 can be Oracle or SQL Server DB instances.
19. Is it possible for a user to have multiple databases on RDS?
RDS for MySQL
No limit imposed by software. The MySQL standard for RDS MySQL database instances is that there is no limit on the number of databases (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/database-count-limit.html).
RDS for Oracle
1 database per instance, no limit on number of schemas per database.
RDS for SQL Server
30 databases per instance.
RDS for PostgreSQL
No limit imposed by software.
20. How to upgrade Amazon RDS instances?
The modify-db-instance command can be used to upgrade Amazon RDS instances. Data migration is not required. However there would be some downtime/OutageTime roughly 5 minutes.
21. How to enable automated backups in RDS?
You can enable automated backups in RDS in below ways:
Using RDS API
You can use the RDS API ModifyDBInstance operation to enable automated backups in RDS with the following required parameters:
· DBInstanceIdentifier
· BackupRetentionPeriod
From AWS Console
· Sign in to the AWS and go to Amazon RDS console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/rds/.
· Navigation pane -> Select databases -> Select DB instance that you want to modify.
· Select Backup retention period -> Provide a nonzero positive value, like 5 days.
· Choose Continue -> Choose Apply immediately.
22. How AWS RDS ensure high availability and reliability?
AWS RDS allows multi-AZ deployment to ensure high availability and reliability.
With the use of multi-AZ deployment feature, AWS automatically provisions and maintains a synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone.
AWS synchronously replicates the data from the primary to the secondary database instance.
Failover Support: In case if the primary database instance fails or gets shut down in any way, AWS will automatically fail over to another secondary database instance.
23. Which RDS database engines support multi-AZ deployment?
AWS RDS allows multi-AZ deployment to ensure high availability and reliability. Multi-AZ deployments support can be used for below RDS database engine:
· MariaDB
· MySQL
· Oracle
· PostgreSQL
24. Which Amazon RDS database engine by default supports multi-AZ deployments?
Amazon RDS offers Multi-AZ deployments with Always On AGs for the listed SQL Server versions and editions:
SQL Server 2019
Standard and Enterprise Editions.
SQL Server 2017
Enterprise Edition 14.00. 3049.1 or higher.
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